Xanthine Urolithiasis

Purine metabolism produces xanthine, which is a naturally occurring byproduct.

The enzyme xanthine oxidase converts it to uric acid, which is then expelled into the urine.

However, because xanthine is the least soluble of the purines discharged in the urine, excessive levels of xanthine may be linked to the formation of xanthine uroliths (stones).

Xanthine oxidase deficiency leads to xanthine in the bloodstream and xanthine leaking into the urine (xanthinuria).

It could be caused by a natural occurrence, such as an enzyme shortage or a medicine (allopurinol).

Xanthinuria is a disorder that can be congenital or acquired.

Acquired xanthinuria is a common side effect in dogs receiving allopurinol treatment for urate urinary tract stones or leishmaniasis (a parasitic infestation).

In male dogs, urethrostomy surgery may reduce recurring urethral obstruction.

To prevent xanthine uroliths, urine pH can be increased, and a low-purine diet with plenty of water can be offered to enhance urine production.

Your vet may also recommend a diet tailored for dogs suffering from renal failure, depending on your dog's overall health and the severity of the problem.